An illustration from a German satirical magazine, Der wahre Jakob in 1909, on the 100th anniversary of Darwin鈥檚 birth, showing him named 鈥減rotector of the federation of monists鈥�, similar to materialists.
A caricature of Darwin from a German satirical magazine, Kladderadatsch published in 1925, showing the American anti-evolutionist William Jennings Bryan getting to heaven and shocked to see St Peter at the pearly gates of heaven is apparently Darwin.
A drawing from the New-York Tribune in 1922 where Darwin is portrayed as a cigar-smoking ghost passing through the body of a reporter, which is probably the most bizarre caricature of Darwin.
A caricature of Darwin from the comic journal Judy in 1872, showing how Darwin came up with his theories by looking in a mirror and seeing a monkey.
A colour 1873 Mardi Gras invitation with Darwin as an ape holding the Origin of species. This has never been published before.
A caricature of three monkeys published by the San Francisco Examiner in 1925, representing the Scopes Monkey Trial when a high school teacher, John Scopes, was found guilty of teaching Darwin鈥檚 theory of evolution to his class despite a new law banning it in Tennessee.
An advertisement for Merchant鈥檚 gargling oil from the 1890s, a popular remedy for bruises and ailments, used Darwin鈥檚 theory as a punchline to promote the product.
One of the most famous caricatures of Darwin, titled 鈥淢an is but a worm鈥�, published in Punch鈥檚 Almanack in 1882, showed him as Father Time 鈥搈aking fun of his new book on earthworms and his theory of evolution.
In a series of the comic magazine, Punch, published in 1881, titled 鈥淧unch鈥檚 fancy portraits鈥�, the caricature shows Darwin pondering worms, poking fun at Darwin鈥檚 book on earthworms, which had just been published.
Taken from an American political magazine, Harper鈥檚 Weekly in 1871, the comic illustration titled 鈥淢r. Bergh to the rescue鈥� shows Henry Bergh, Founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, confronting Darwin with a crying gorilla.
An illustration by Carey Orr for the Chicago Daily Tribune and Washington Post in 1925, shows monkeys protesting Darwin鈥檚 theory that man and monkeys share a common ancestor.
An illustration titled 鈥淥ur Boy鈥檚 illustration of the Darwinian theory鈥� published in Our Young Folk鈥檚 Weekly Budget in 1880, shows the 鈥榚volution鈥� of a cat into a violin.
This illustration titled 鈥淚n support of Darwin鈥檚 theory鈥� by C. D. Batchelor published in the Kansas City Times in 1922 depicts a man, Percy Putty, with his wife. Mr Putty has never accepted Darwin's theory, while his wife is struck by his semblance to a monkey.
News — On Darwin Day, 12 February 2025, the project at the National University of Singapore (NUS) launches the . It is the result of 25 years of research by historian of science Dr John van Wyhe, from the at the , drawing on historic magazines, newspapers, books and archives. The edited collection consists of mostly unknown comic illustrations from 1860 to 1939 showing how Darwin and evolution have been represented in the press and popular culture worldwide since the publication of Darwin’s origin of species in 1859.
Until recently, only about a dozen caricatures of Darwin were widely known. The new online catalogue provides over 100 caricatures, of which 30 are new discoveries. The evolution caricatures are much more numerous, and their range and diversity are staggering, highlighting the widespread public engagement with the topic of evolution.
This huge collection provides deeper insights into the cultural impact of Darwin’s theories. Evolution was used in these illustrations in endlessly surprising ways. Not even experts in this field knew there was this much visual imagery in response to Darwin and his ideas and published in so many parts of the world. Today, it is often overlooked that by the 1870s, thousands of newspapers and magazines around the world featured comic illustrations, including those on Darwin and his theories. Many of the caricatures in this collection curated by Darwin Online were created by some of the best comic writers of their time.
The humour of evolution
Popular ideas, misconceptions, prejudices and older traditions fed into these caricatures which in turn popularised and spread ideas further. For example, one common theme is to make jokes about Darwin's purported claim that humans are descended from monkeys – something he did not in fact believe. Other erroneous but popular themes were the idea that Darwin’s theory of evolution is about inevitable progress or the occurrence of so-called degeneration from humans back into animals. Almost all the caricatures show amused ridicule of evolution rather than deep offence or religious outrage.
Darwin’s works introduced the public to many phrases and concepts such as natural selection, sexual selection or the struggle for existence. The idea of a supposed ‘missing link’, referring to transitional species, became a long-lasting theme. Often much older comic imagery was re-branded into Darwin-themed ones such as transformation cartoons showing the origins or ‘evolution’ of a cat into a violin. Another common theme is monkeys or apes expressing disgust at being related to humans with all their faults. Some caricatures show friends or a married couples looking at a monkey at the zoo 鈹� the husband eerily resembling the monkey 鈹� and the joke is that Mrs So-and-so didn’t take Darwinism seriously before, but now she sees there might be something to it after all!
The controversies over teaching evolution in public schools in the USA in the 1920s saw a veritable explosion of these caricatures with the Scopes Monkey Trial 100 years ago. The collection by Darwin Online is by far the largest collection of these caricatures ever assembled. They are both fascinating and often very funny.
Context of the caricatures explained
The collection of caricatures is dated, identified and often the artist and the historical context or meaning explained. Unlike previous compilations, the Darwin Online collection provides the accompanying poems or articles that were originally alongside the illustrations. Without historical context, it is usually impossible to understand what the caricatures originally meant, and often modern readers imagine a very different meaning.
“This unprecedented collection allows us to see how the public reacted to, used and mis-used evolutionary ideas from the moment Darwin published his seminal work, The Origin of Species, and over the next 80 years. There is much to be learned from them. They will be useful for teaching and research. For decades, modern publications and documentaries have re-used the same small handful of caricatures. Now anyone can see at a glance just how many and diverse they were. A lot of them are very clever social commentary, and others are simply hugely enjoyable,” said Dr van Wyhe.
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Credit:
Caption: An illustration from a German satirical magazine, Der wahre Jakob in 1909, on the 100th anniversary of Darwin鈥檚 birth, showing him named 鈥減rotector of the federation of monists鈥�, similar to materialists.
Credit: Universit盲tsbibliothek Heidelberg
Caption: A caricature of Darwin from a German satirical magazine, Kladderadatsch published in 1925, showing the American anti-evolutionist William Jennings Bryan getting to heaven and shocked to see St Peter at the pearly gates of heaven is apparently Darwin.
Credit: National Library of Congress
Caption: A drawing from the New-York Tribune in 1922 where Darwin is portrayed as a cigar-smoking ghost passing through the body of a reporter, which is probably the most bizarre caricature of Darwin.
Credit:
Caption: A caricature of Darwin from the comic journal Judy in 1872, showing how Darwin came up with his theories by looking in a mirror and seeing a monkey.
Credit: Private collection
Caption: A colour 1873 Mardi Gras invitation with Darwin as an ape holding the Origin of species. This has never been published before.
Credit:
Caption: A caricature of three monkeys published by the San Francisco Examiner in 1925, representing the Scopes Monkey Trial when a high school teacher, John Scopes, was found guilty of teaching Darwin鈥檚 theory of evolution to his class despite a new law banning it in Tennessee.
Credit:
Caption: An advertisement for Merchant鈥檚 gargling oil from the 1890s, a popular remedy for bruises and ailments, used Darwin鈥檚 theory as a punchline to promote the product.
Credit:
Caption: One of the most famous caricatures of Darwin, titled 鈥淢an is but a worm鈥�, published in Punch鈥檚 Almanack in 1882, showed him as Father Time 鈥搈aking fun of his new book on earthworms and his theory of evolution.
Credit:
Caption: In a series of the comic magazine, Punch, published in 1881, titled 鈥淧unch鈥檚 fancy portraits鈥�, the caricature shows Darwin pondering worms, poking fun at Darwin鈥檚 book on earthworms, which had just been published.
Credit:
Caption: Taken from an American political magazine, Harper鈥檚 Weekly in 1871, the comic illustration titled 鈥淢r. Bergh to the rescue鈥� shows Henry Bergh, Founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, confronting Darwin with a crying gorilla.
Credit:
Caption: An illustration by Carey Orr for the Chicago Daily Tribune and Washington Post in 1925, shows monkeys protesting Darwin鈥檚 theory that man and monkeys share a common ancestor.
Credit:
Caption: An illustration titled 鈥淥ur Boy鈥檚 illustration of the Darwinian theory鈥� published in Our Young Folk鈥檚 Weekly Budget in 1880, shows the 鈥榚volution鈥� of a cat into a violin.
Credit:
Caption: This illustration titled 鈥淚n support of Darwin鈥檚 theory鈥� by C. D. Batchelor published in the Kansas City Times in 1922 depicts a man, Percy Putty, with his wife. Mr Putty has never accepted Darwin's theory, while his wife is struck by his semblance to a monkey.
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