麻豆传媒

News — Physicists share a common interest in understanding how the physical world works. For example, when a particle physicist breaks apart a particle into smaller pieces, they ask themselves: are those the smallest pieces we can find in nature? For years, theoretical physicists have been limited to using classical computers, that is, computers that process information in 1s and 0s, as they explore the interactions between these small particles. Thanks to the power of quantum computers, which can encode numerous possible combinations of 1 and 0 simultaneously, physicists can create larger models that will potentially solve some of the most compelling puzzles in theoretical physics. 

However, theoretical researchers need access to novel computing technologies and a strong expert network for this new scientific endeavor. That's where the ’s catalyzing energy comes in. Since 2020, the Quantum Systems Accelerator (QSA), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Quantum Information Science (QIS) Research Center, has developed advanced quantum prototypes across major technologies to facilitate groundbreaking research in fundamental physics into the quantum world. Led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) with Sandia National Laboratories as the lead partner, QSA brings together an ecosystem of 15 institutions in North America. With over 60 principal investigators, 130 staff, 91 postdocs, and 139 students, QSA advances national particle physics research by co-designing across institutions. 

Two teams of QSA researchers across partner institutions have recently made headway toward understanding more about the framework of the subatomic quantum world with quantum devices. Postdoctoral Researcher Anthony Ciavarella and Senior Scientist Christian W. Bauer of the Berkeley Lab Physics Division examined the dynamics between , the tiny particles that comprise every atom’s core. , supported by QSA and the DOE HEP QuantISED program, built on previous studies partially supported by the QSA. They created a model to understand how these particles were held together (). They also wondered if a quantum computer could help them understand what would happen if collided and broke into more pairs of particles. Using a theoretical understanding of these subatomic relationships, researchers built a model that mapped gluons onto a lattice for a quantum computer, marking the first time that anyone in this field has created such a model. 

Ciavarella and Bauer's model will allow experimentalists to run simulations and compare these results to their experimental data. It will also help theorists take experimental results and, working backward, create a more robust theoretical underpinning for nuclear models. "If you want to search for new physics events where you produce Higgs bosons," Ciavarella explains, “what you measure in [a particle accelerator] looks very similar to an event where you just have radiating." One day, simulations of Ciavarella and Bauer's model can be used by experimentalists to reduce the size of background noise in their experiments and interpret results more clearly.

Thanks to QSA, Ciavarella and Bauer can soon run their model on a quantum computer. While the researchers worked on their paper, QSA staff helped them connect with researchers at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for Ultracold Atoms. The Harvard group has been building the type of hardware capable of running Ciavarella and Bauer's proposed simulations. Ciavarella and Bauer are currently working with their colleagues to start running simulations this fall. "Once we can start doing these full simulations," Ciavarella explains, "that should open up a whole new set of experimental observables that we've never really worked with because we've never been able to make predictions for them."

Another multi-institutional QSA team has been investigating how one might use quantum processors to investigate models inspired by quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Using quantum processors to study the theories of the Standard Model in particle physics is a long-term goal of quantum simulation. While current quantum processors have not yet reached this capability, researchers have begun considering the required steps. Elizabeth Bennewitz, a researcher and graduate student at the University of Maryland, worked with other team members to develop a protocol for understanding the interactions between two mesons composed of tightly bound quarks. Bennewitz, the paper's lead author in a recent, is a DOE Computing Sciences Graduate (CSGF) Fellow and was formerly a Berkeley Lab intern. As a theorist, Bennewitz is interested in exploring what happens when mesons collide. However, running her simulations on a classical computer limits the number of interacting particles that theorists can study in a model. She worked with her collaborators to create a protocol that lists the necessary steps to build a model that would simulate the movement of mesons and what happens when those mesons collide. 

Their protocol will help experimentalists fill in the gaps as they try to create working models they can implement on quantum devices. Their work showed the types of meson scattering that might show up in a quantum device. By recognizing the byproducts of meson scattering, experimentalists can better interpret their results, distinguishing between irrelevant data (noise) and essential data (signal). This study represents one step towards using quantum processors as powerful tools to study quantum phenomena in particle physics and potentially extend the standard model of physics. 

“Probing physics in these new ways will hopefully lead to discoveries in the physics side of things but can also influence other areas like material sciences and chemistry,” said Bennewitz.

Like Ciavarella and Bauer, Bennewitz's team benefited from QSA's support. Bennewitz has been struck by the interdisciplinary nature of QSA's partners and its ability to connect researchers across different areas with relevant collaborators. 

"Being able to work really closely with experts in quantum simulation, high-energy and nuclear physics, and experimental quantum devices was one of the reasons this work was possible," said Bennewitz.

Both QSA teams voiced how working with new colleagues helped them consider new dimensions of planning an experiment. 

"Something that might be obvious to them when they're just looking at the experiments up in the lab might not be obvious to me because I've never worked directly in the lab on a device myself and vice versa, with how to map problems on their computers. It's a way to learn a lot about interesting things," said Ciavarella. 

The work of these QSA researchers has underscored the importance of quantum simulators as a tool for investigating the almost invisible subatomic world of particle physics. By bringing together experimentalists and theorists, QSA continues to facilitate research by streamlining the design of quantum devices and engineering solutions. Moreover, QSA provides early career researchers like Ciavarella and Bennewitz with the infrastructure and support to conduct their studies. 

"There's a lot of evidence that studying these models on quantum computers and quantum simulators should be more powerful for certain types of problems. With quantum simulations, we can unveil and probe particle physics in ways that we haven't been able to before and hopefully find new physics," said Bennewitz.

QSA director Bert de Jong believes that, in the coming decade, even more researchers like Bennewitz will embrace quantum computers as an investigative tool. "We have a high-energy physics team in the QSA team that would like to build better theories to understand the foundational building blocks of the universe," concluded de Jong. 

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(Berkeley Lab) is committed to delivering solutions for humankind through research in clean energy, a healthy planet, and discovery science. Founded in 1931 on the belief that the biggest problems are best addressed by teams, Berkeley Lab and its scientists have been recognized with 16 Nobel Prizes. Researchers from around the world rely on the lab’s world-class scientific facilities for their own pioneering research. Berkeley Lab is a multiprogram national laboratory managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.

DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit .

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. Sandia Labs has major research and development responsibilities in nuclear deterrence, global security, defense, energy technologies and economic competitiveness, with main facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Livermore, California.

The Quantum Systems Accelerator (QSA) is one of the five National Quantum Information Science Research Centers funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and with Sandia National Laboratories as lead partner, QSA catalyzes national leadership in quantum information science to co-design the algorithms, quantum devices, and engineering solutions needed to deliver certified quantum advantage in scientific applications. QSA brings together dozens of scientists who are pioneers of many of today’s unique quantum engineering and fabrication capabilities. In addition to industry and academic partners across the world, 15 institutions are part of QSA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, University of Colorado at Boulder, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Caltech, Duke University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, UC Berkeley, University of Maryland, University of New Mexico, University of Southern California, UT Austin, and Canada’s Université de Sherbrooke. For more information, please visit