麻豆传媒

In the absence of CXCL4 (top row), DNA fragments (green) are delivered to TLR9 (red) in the late endosomes of B cells, with the colocalization of DNA fragments and TLR9 shown in orange, activating a cell signaling pathway that promotes the removal of self-reactive B cells. But, when CXCL4 levels are elevated (bottom row), DNA fragments fail to reach and activate TLR9, resulting in autoimmunity.