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While Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is in Paris hammering out the details of the global fight against climate change, a new study out of the University of Montreal and the Trottier Energy Institute shows that Canadian attitudes are somewhat ambivalent. The report, entitled, 鈥淔eeling the Heat? The Paradox of Public Opinion and Climate Change Policy in Canada: Toward a New Research Agenda鈥� examines public perceptions of this complex policy problem. 鈥淭hough a majority see evidence of a global warming trend, few feel personally at risk from a changing climate,鈥� explained Erick Lachapelle, lead author of the study and Assistant Professor at the university鈥檚 Department of Political Science. 鈥淢oreover, Canadians are generally unprepared to personally assume some of the costs associated with a transition towards decarbonised energy.鈥� The findings result from a telephone survey of 1,014 Canadians. The margin of error for this size sample is 3.1% 19 times out of 20.

As reflected in the relative lack of attention to climate in the course of the 2015 federal election campaign, the climate change issue lacks public salience going into the climate change talks in Paris. This is reflected in the low level of self-assessed knowledge of global warming: only 27% say they are well informed on the issue. 鈥淧eople who are really passionate about climate change, to the point where they take it upon themselves to become informed and stay up to date, are a relative minority in Canada. About a quarter of the population would fall into the well-informed category,鈥� said Professor Lachapelle.Although most Canadians are aware that the climate is changing, substantially fewer attribute this warming primarily to human activity. While 82% of Canadians perceive evidence of warming, 49% attribute this warming primarily to human activity, and 18% to a combination of human and natural factors (12% attribute warming to natural forces and 3% are not sure.) In other words, while a majority (67%) attribute at least some human responsibility to rising temperatures, only about half subscribe to the scientific consensus that rising temperatures are primarily human caused. 鈥淭he question of cause is an important nuance,鈥� said Professor Lachapelle. 鈥淧eople aren鈥檛 going to alter their behaviour or support greenhouse gas reduction policies if they question humanity鈥檚 role in a warming planet鈥� he said.

Few perceive themselves as personally at risk from climate change, with 24% feeling they are likely to face no harm at all. Only 14% feel they are likely to be harmed a great deal by the phenomenon; 31% believe they will be harmed a moderate amount, and 31% feel they will be harmed only a little. 鈥淭his perception of individual invulnerability is not due to confidence in our ability to adapt, since Canadians are much more likely to believe future generations will bear the brunt of climate change,鈥� Lachapelle explained. Indeed, nearly half (49%) of Canadians believe the country鈥檚 future generations will be harmed a great deal. The belief that climate change would cause no harm, a little harm, or a moderate amount of harm to future generations accounted for 7%, 13% and 30% of public opinion respectively. Professor Lachapelle says this 鈥渄iscrepancy in risk perceptions suggests Canadians perceive climate change to be less of an individual than a collective problem.鈥�

Even provincial action on climate has done little to raise awareness of the issue. Despite the adoption of cap and trade programs in Quebec and Ontario, 44% admit hearing nothing at all about this policy and 37% say they have heard a little. Only 19% believe they have heard a lot about the concept. 鈥淭hough federal government inaction is partially responsible for this general lack of awareness among Canadians, it is not the whole story鈥� said Professor Lachapelle. 鈥淚n fact, many Canadians have never heard of cap and trade, despite the two largest provinces adopting this measure.鈥�

Moreover, Canadians are generally unprepared to pay more to support increased production of decarbonized energy 鈥� a quarter of Canadians aren鈥檛 willing to pay anything at all. Forty-four percent would be willing to pay somewhere between $1 and $100 per annum for the production of renewable energy. Only a third would be prepared to pay more than that. Erick Lachapelle finds this unsurprising. 鈥淐anadians are unwilling to pay more for services they already obtain relatively cheaply,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t is up to governments to educate the public on the co-benefits of a transition to a decarbonised economy. These include opportunities for economic innovation and growth, jobs, better air quality and public health. All are outcomes that resonate with various values found in the Canadian public.鈥�

Nevertheless, change is in the air. 鈥淎fter all these years of expecting the public to push government into action, we are beginning to see the emergence of real political leadership on this issue,鈥� Lachapelle said. 鈥淐anadians elect politicians to lead. These findings challenge the new Trudeau government to engage the public on the issue of climate change after years of federal government inaction. Canada鈥檚 new federal government, the blocking of the Keystone pipeline by Washington and the occasion of the Paris conference are creating a golden opportunity for a renewed federal role. If the policy changes, the public won鈥檛 be that far behind. The challenge now lies with the government to better communicate the benefits of transitioning toward a decarbonised economy.鈥�

About this study:This project was funded by the Trottier Energy Institute and la Chaire d鈥櫭﹖udes politiques et 茅conomiques am茅ricaines, a unit of the Montreal Centre for International Studies (CERIUM). The survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of 1,014 Canadians aged 18 and over. All interviews were conducted via telephone in English or French from September 1, 2015, to September 15, 2015. Calls were made using both landline (601 completes) and mobile (413 completes) phone listings. Up to seven callbacks were made. The AAPOR RR3 Response Rate was 8% overall. The margin of sampling error for the full sample is about 3.1% in 19 of 20 samples. Results reported here are weighted according to gender, age and region to reflect the latest population estimates from Statistics Canada (Census 2011).

Further details are available on Erick Lachapelle鈥檚 website (www.ericklachapelle.com). The full report will be published in early December by the Trottier Energy Institute.