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"It has long been known that autism is an umbrella term for a wide range of disorders that impair social and communication skills,鈥� says Amy Kalkbrenner, assistant professor in the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee鈥檚 Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, lead author of the study. 鈥淲hat we are seeing is that some disorders on the autism spectrum, more than others, may be influenced by a factor such as whether a mother smokes during pregnancy.鈥�

The study was published April 25 online by the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.

Smoking during pregnancy is still common in the U.S. despite its known harmful impacts on babies. Kalkbrenner found that 13 percent of mothers whose children were included in the study had smoked during pregnancy.

Kalkbrenner and colleagues鈥� population-based study compared smoking data from birth certificates of thousands of children from 11 states to a database of children diagnosed with autism maintained by the CDC鈥檚 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDMN). Of the 633,989 children, born in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1998, 3,315 were identified as having an autism spectrum disorder at age 8.

鈥淭he study doesn鈥檛 say for certain that smoking is a risk factor for autism,鈥� Kalkbrenner says. 鈥淏ut it does say that if there is an association, it鈥檚 between smoking and certain types of autism,鈥� implicating the disorders on the autism spectrum that are less severe and allow children to function at a higher level. That connection, she adds, needs further study.

April is Autism Awareness Month, and several studies of possible links between environmental factors and autism are being published by Environmental Health Perspectives at the same time as Kalkbrenner鈥檚 study. 鈥淭he CDC recently released data indicating that 1 in 88 children has an autism spectrum disorder, making such environmental studies even more timely,鈥� says Kalkbrenner.

Because autism involves a broad spectrum of conditions and the interplay of genetics and environment is so complex, no one study can explain all the causes of autism, she adds. 鈥淭he goal of this work is to help provide a piece of the puzzle. And in this we were successful.鈥�

For a pdf of the study, go to: .

In addition to lead author Kalkbrenner, co-authors include: Joe Braun, Harvard School of Public Health; Maureen Durkin, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health; Matthew Maenner, Waisman Center at UW-Madison; Christopher Cunniff, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Li-Ching Lee, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Sydney Pettygrove, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health at the University of Arizona; Joyce Nicholas, Medical University of South Carolina; and Julie Daniels, UNC Gillings School of Public Health.

Other articles published in Environmental Health Perspectives online show that polychlorinated biphenyls disrupt early brain development by interfering with the signals that promote normal neuron branching. A review article suggests research directions for exploring a potential link between pesticides and autism. An editorial calls for increased discovery research to identify possible environmental causes of autism in America鈥檚 children.

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