News — Many symptoms of head and neck cancer are hard to miss – a lump in the neck, persistent hoarseness, a mouth sore that doesn't heal – which is good news for early detection as long as symptoms aren't dismissed.
"While mouth ulcers and hoarseness are common and often not serious, if these symptoms persist for more than a week or two, it's important to see your doctor,” said , chair of the Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at . "Many of these signs and symptoms are self-detectable, but it's crucial not to overlook them. Early diagnosis can significantly improve the prognosis.”
Head and neck cancers, which are twice as prevalent in men compared to women and primarily affect individuals over the age of 50, represent approximately 4% of all cancer cases in the U.S. According to the National Cancer Institute, 68,000 Americans were diagnosed with head and neck cancer last year, and about 15,000 succumbed to the disease. The term head and neck cancer refers to cancers from several different areas. They include the oral cavity, which is the lips and anything inside the mouth up to the tonsil area; the oropharynx, which includes the back of the mouth, the base of the tongue and tonsils; and the larynx, which is the voice box and vocal cords. Other areas include the nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, skin and thyroid gland.
"Most of these cancers spread to the neck,” Goldenberg said. "We therefore assume that any lump in the side of the neck in a person over age 40 is cancer until proven otherwise."
Know the signs
Common signs of oral cavity cancer are red or white patches or a non-healing sore in the mouth or on the tongue. People with oropharyngeal cancer often feel like something is stuck in their throat, have difficulty swallowing or have muffled speech, Goldenberg said. Hoarseness, difficulty swallowing and coughing up blood may be signs of larynx cancer.
Head and neck cancers may present with pain radiating to the ear. He said that a lump in the neck is commonly the first indicator of head and neck cancer.
The overall incidence of head and neck cancers has declined along with a decrease in smoking. Smoking is a known risk factor, especially when combined with drinking alcohol, which seems to enhance the carcinogenic effect of tobacco, Goldenberg said.
However, oropharyngeal cancer cases are on the rise.
"The new villain is the human papillomavirus, or HPV," Goldenberg said. "This is the same virus that causes cervical cancer in women, and this rise in oropharyngeal cancers is due in part to multiple sex partners, multiple oral sex partners and marijuana usage."
HPV-related head and neck cancers may occur some 20 to 30 years after exposure to the virus that causes the cancer, Goldenberg said.
"That's why we push so heavily for youths to get vaccinated against HPV," he said. HPV vaccination can be started at age 9 and is recommended through age 26. In 2018, the vaccine was extended to adults through age 45.
In general, head and neck cancers are treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination. However, head and neck cancers arising from smoking and/or drinking are more challenging to beat because they are often more aggressive. In contrast, HPV-related cancers have a better prognosis, Goldenberg said.
Getting past stigmas
One of the most challenging aspects of head and neck cancer is its stigma, not only because it may be sexually transmitted but also because it affects a very noticeable part of us, Goldenberg said.
"Humans are social beings, and these cancers affect the house of our communication," he said. "What do we do when we get together? We eat, we drink, we gab. So, taking out part of someone's tongue or throat is not something we can hide easily, and it impacts one's ability to interact and socialize."
A multidisciplinary team that includes the surgical team, oncology team, speech and swallowing pathologists, dentists, nutritionists, social workers and support groups ensures the best outcomes.
"Our treatments are becoming more specific and personalized," Goldenberg said. "Our surgical resections are less invasive, our reconstruction techniques better. In addition, as we learn more about the molecular changes of these cancers, we are better equipped to provide immunotherapy, which often replaces toxic chemotherapies. So, there is always hope."
Be proactive
Prevention is sometimes possible, Goldenberg said.
- Don't smoke and drink large quantities of alcohol.
- Don't chew tobacco.
- Get vaccinated against HPV.
- Take advantage of community screenings and those offered at regular dental checkups.
- Don't ignore early signs of head and neck cancer.
This article was originally published on April 27, 2022; it was revised on April 2, 2025.
The is a weekly health news feature produced by Penn State Health. Articles feature the expertise of faculty, physicians and staff, and are designed to offer timely, relevant health information of interest to a broad audience.
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