Charles F. Kennel of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego and David G. Victor of the School of Global Policy and Strategy say combining science and policy is the answer to the world鈥檚 most pressing problem. Their article 鈥�,鈥� coauthored by Stephen Briggs of the European Space Agency and European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications, appears in the Oct. 28 issue of Science magazine.
鈥淲ith the 2015 Paris Agreement [on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions], governments launched a process that can move beyond setting agendas to coordinating national policies to manage the climate,鈥� the authors write in Science. 鈥淢anaging this complex, highly decentralized process must engage all levels of government and the private sector.鈥�
Calling for better indicators for climate risk management, the authors see great opportunity in combining expertise. Assessments of physical climate change risks and more profound systemic risks are more successful when scientists have a seat at the table.
鈥淭he scientific community should judge its relevance by whether it helps these decentralized actors and its processes craft and implement more effective policies,鈥� they write.
Kennel, director of Scripps Oceanography from 1998 to 2006, is an expert in climate science, with research focused on the California environment, global change and global environmental monitoring. He said the time is right to develop new analytical tools and methods needed to manage climate risk.
鈥淐limate science can help diplomats keep track of the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but beyond that, it can help policy makers understand the risks to economies and societies,鈥� Kennel said. 鈥淏y grappling with the great diversity of regional climate change impacts, and understanding the needs of communities and industries, it can deliver relevant knowledge to a huge variety of decision makers.鈥�
Victor, a political scientist and author of 鈥淕lobal Warming Gridlock: Creating More Effective Strategies for Protecting the Planet,鈥� said the time is now for the scientific community to play a large political and policy-relevant role. He co-directs the Laboratory on International Law and Regulation at the School of Global Policy and Strategy, and is a leader in the newly formed , a combined effort of engineers, climate scientists, and physical and social scientists across UC San Diego working to help cut global emissions of warming gases given very real technology, economic and political constraints that exist.
鈥淭he real potential for scientists lies with helping policy makers address climate change in ways that will have a tangible, actual effect. Decision makers need the hard science to understand how their actions work, and scientists need governments, businesses and other important societal actors to implement their work,鈥� Victor said.
Climate scientists have the most advanced technology for quantifying and predicting natural and scientific responses to climate change. Social scientists such as Victor understand how decisions are made at every level of society. What is missing, the authors write, are actual examples of where these two meet to address and understand systemic risks.
鈥淪cience should help decision-makers understand their true exposure to risk and the full range of management options,鈥� they write. 鈥淲ith the right tools and indicators, the practice of risk management can scale quickly through policy and commerce. 鈥� [T]he task remains to build a more effective decentralized yet global system for risk management.鈥�
The scientific community needs to focus on coordinating the many groups working to monitor 鈥減lanetary vital signs,鈥� the authors say, representing a second set of climate change indicators that go beyond global average surface temperature. 鈥淭he more trustworthy the leading indicators are about [climate and social] impact, the better motivators of action they could be,鈥� they write.
The authors bring to the fore a new focus for looking at risk indicators: useful analysis should start by talking to decision makers what matters most to them, including their own insights about how societies best respond, they write. Also new is identifying that the ability to educate these decision makers happens with more highly tuned science, larger data sets, and more accurate climate model predictions. This represents a different kind of climate change model, one that can inform climate risk analysis at scientific and social levels.
And the authors are clear: 鈥淎ssessing the full systemic impacts [of climate change] requires knowing how humans and societies will respond.鈥�
Some regions, including California, are more advanced in utilizing tools from both sectors of society, and the authors recognize this while providing a guide to scale up this knowledge to the rest of the world. They address inequity in both responsibility of producing warming emissions as well as ability to think about systemic risk. For less-developed countries that cannot shoulder the cost nor technical ability, the authors say the world鈥檚 richest countries can, and should, lead.
鈥淔unds should be earmarked for risk assessments to help the least-developed societies prepare. International science should work with local teams of scientists and decision-makers to pilot appropriate local examples,鈥� they write. 鈥淎lthough local circumstances vary enormously, and each society must work out its own details, a common set of indicators, well-established models, and case studies can help.鈥�
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